Application of insulating materials in modular architecture

The techniques for applying insulating materials in modular constructions are critically important to ensure energy efficiency and thermal comfort for inhabitants. Indeed, adequate insulation of walls, floors, and roofs is a major issue both for the durability and thermal performance of these structures. In this article, we explore the best practices and the most commonly used materials for insulation in modular constructions. Wall insulation is essential to maintain a stable indoor temperature and promote reduced energy consumption. In modular constructions, walls often consist of prefabricated panels, which facilitates the integration of insulating materials. Types of materials used: Polyurethane foam (PUR): This material is valued for its excellent insulating properties and its ability to fit into small spaces. The PUR foam is sprayed as a liquid and solidifies to form an airtight barrier against thermal losses. Mineral wool (glass wool or rock wool): These materials are often used for their good thermal and acoustic performance. They are installed in the form of panels or rolls that easily fit into the prefabricated structure of the walls. Rigid insulating panels: These panels, generally made of extruded polystyrene (XPS) or polyisocyanurate (PIR), are placed directly against the wall structure before the addition of interior and exterior finishes. Methods of application: Internal insulation: This method involves installing the insulating material between the studs of the modular wall structure. It allows for quick and efficient installation, particularly suited for prefabricated panels. External insulation: The insulation is placed on the external walls of modular walls before the exterior cladding is applied. This method is often used to minimize thermal bridges. Hybrid insulation: A combination of internal and external insulation can be used to optimize thermal performance. Each technique and material has advantages and disadvantages depending on the climate, energy requirements, and budget. Floor insulation is crucial to reduce heat loss to the ground, particularly in cold regions. The thermal efficiency of floors directly impacts occupant comfort and the energy efficiency of the entire structure. Popular materials for floor insulation: Polyurethane foam: Used for its excellent sealing and thermal insulation properties. The foam is generally sprayed under the floor, forming a continuous cover without cracks or joints. Rigid insulation panels: This type of material, like extruded polystyrene or polyisocyanurate, is frequently used under modular structures to create an effective barrier against thermal losses. Rock wool and glass wool: These materials are also used to insulate floors. They are installed between the floor joists to ensure uniform insulation. Methods of application: Insulation under the floor: For modular constructions on stilts or basements, the insulation is often applied below the floor structure. This may include the installation of rigid insulation panels or polyurethane foam spray. Insulation between joists: This method is commonly used in modular structures to place flexible insulating materials like mineral wool between the floor joists. It ensures effective thermal coverage. Insulated floor systems: Some modular constructions integrate pre-insulated floor systems, where the insulation is already included in the prefabricated floor components. These techniques minimize thermal bridges and improve the overall energy efficiency of the modular structure. Roof insulation is often the first line of defense against heat loss, as heat rises and can easily escape through a poorly insulated roof. Good roof insulation is therefore crucial for any modular construction aiming to achieve high thermal performance. Insulation materials for roofs: Polyurea foam: Applied by spraying, this foam provides a continuous and seamless cover, particularly effective for roofs with complex shapes. Mineral wool: This material is used in panels or rolls, applied between the rafters of the roof for effective and economical insulation. Rigid insulating panels: Used for their high thermal resistance, these panels can be placed on the inner or outer face of the rafters. Application techniques: Insulation under rafters: Rigid insulating panels or sprayed foam can be installed under the rafters, increasing thermal efficiency and reducing thermal bridges. Insulation between rafters: Mineral wool is often used between the rafters for a quick and effective installation. This method allows good thermal performance while being economically viable. Insulation above rafters: Rigid insulating panels can be positioned above the rafters, before the roof covering is applied. This provides continuous coverage and minimizes thermal bridges. These techniques allow for varying levels of insulation depending on the specific needs of the project. The selection of material and application method must take into account factors such as climate, energy performance requirements, and budget. In summary, the insulation of walls, floors, and roofs is essential to ensure the energy efficiency and thermal comfort of modular constructions. The mentioned techniques and materials offer a range of options to achieve energy goals while respecting the economic and structural constraints of modular projects.